Ujung Kulon National Park is in the far southwest of the island of Java, in Banten province in Indonesia.
This national park in the extreme south-western tip of Java on the Sunda shelf includes the Ujung Kulon peninsula and several offshore islands and encompasses the natural reserve of Krakatoa and Panaitan Island. It is Indonesia's first national park and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992 for containing the largest remaining lowland rain forest in Java. It is the most protected national park in Indonesia. In addition to its natural beauty and geological interest – particularly for the study of inland volcanoes – it contains the largest remaining area of lowland rain forests in the Java plain. As a tropical jungle, it is not a forest similar to the pine forests in Northern Europe or North America, and it is a refuge for rhinos, which usually remain hidden from human beings. You can explore the national park with your tour operator, but unless you are a registered researcher, you are forbidden from making new trails.
The mainland part of Ujung Kulon was farmland until it was devastated and depopulated by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa after which it returned to its original forested state.
The most precious of all the animals in the parks is the Javan rhinoceros, the rarest large mammal on earth. It is the only remaining home of the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros. A population of fifty to sixty live in Ujung Kulon. A smaller population lived in Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam, but the last remaining member of this population, and its entire subspecies, died last year at the hands of poachers.
Once found across much of Southeast Asia, the first account of the Javan rhino dates back to China’s T’ang dynasty (A.D. 618-906) when Java was noted as a source for rhino horns. In Java during the 1700s rhinos were so numerous and they damage agricultural plantations that the government paid a bounty for every rhino killed, bagging 500 within two years.
Ujung Kulon’s rhino population is now surveyed by camera trap, and in 2018 there are 68 individuals; they were believed to be the last remaining Javan rhinos in the world, until a small population was recently discovered in Vietnam. However, the Vietnamese subspecies, Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus, is now known to be extinct, so Ujung Kulon remains the last home of this magnificent Perissodactyl. In appearance the Javan rhino is closest to the Indian rhino, both having a single-horn and skin folds or plates but there are distinct differences between their neck plates and skin textures.
The Javan rhino also has a long prehensile upper lip which extends below the lower allowing it to grasp foliage. The body shape of the Javan rhino is designed to push aside the undergrowth and only the male Javan rhino has a prominent horn while the female has a lump similar to a halved coconut. Earlier this century Javan rhinos were measured as being over 170 cm at the shoulder, more than 3 m in length and 2,200 kg in body weight but a recent photographic survey indicates that the largest rhino in Ujung Kulon may be around 150 cm in height. Rhinos range over a maximum distance of 15 to 20 km a day in the densely forested lowlands of the Ujung Kulon Peninsula and to the east of its isthmus.
They are most active at night, wallowing in puddles and sometimes venture onto beaches and grazing grounds. Although actual sightings of rhinos are rare, their prints and droppings are often found on trails, sometimes unnervingly fresh. Javan rhinos are believed to be capable of running as fast as a person and to advice visitors, should they happen to come across one, is to climb the nearest tree and take a photo - in that order.
Lowland tropical rainforest.
It's about Rp 25,000 per person to enter the park. There are also extra fees if you are planning to roam the Lowland forest and areas which include insurance.
You can see bantengs and peacocks at Cidaon Meadow. Monkeys, Timor deer and wild boar on Peucang Island. It is easier to see bantengs in the afternoon rather in the morning, because they stay longer in the meadow. Bantengs can be seen from the viewing tower or from the rim of the meadows below the viewing tower but it is very difficult to spot them closely because they have very sensitive noses and always hide in the bushes and they can smell people at a distance of 30 m. Peacocks are hard to see in the middle of the meadow, but they frequently fly or walk in the rim of the meadow near the forest far from viewing tower. A camera with superzoom is necessary to have a better chance at good photos.
The Javan rhino is a rare sight but most of the footprints and feces of the animal are on the south beach.
Tanjung Layar is a historical site with 2 ruined lighthouses that were built by the Dutch and the Portuguese and a new one (see below). An abandoned Dutch prison is also located here; the prison walls are still standing but the roof and doors are missing. A great view of Tanjung Layar can be seen from the new lighthouse. Ask permission from the lighthouse guard before you try to enter and ascend to the top.
- Canoeing. Canoeing at Cigenter River where the Javan rhino is usually seen is an interesting experience, but the rhino is hard to see. The rhino is easier to see during the dry season from April to October. You can see also some snakes hanging on trees and swamp crocodiles. You will be guided by the ranger on your canoeing journey. It takes around 45 to 1 hour exploring the river by canoe.
- Snorkeling and Diving. There are some spots for the snorkelling and diving but don't expect much because most of the reef is damaged.
- Jungle Trekking. If you want to jungle trek, it is better to arrange it from Taman Jaya. Pak Komar, the owner of Sunda Guesthouse can arrange it for you depending on how long you explore the jungle. Jungle trekking starts from Taman Jaya and ends at Peucang Island (crossing by boat from mainland to Peucang Island). The price includes the guide and food.
Canoeing. Canoeing at Cigenter River where the Javan rhino is usually seen is an interesting experience, but the rhino is hard to see. The rhino is easier to see during the dry season from April to October. You can see also some snakes hanging on trees and swamp crocodiles. You will be guided by the ranger on your canoeing journey. It takes around 45 to 1 hour exploring the river by canoe.
Snorkeling and Diving. There are some spots for the snorkelling and diving but don't expect much because most of the reef is damaged.
Jungle Trekking. If you want to jungle trek, it is better to arrange it from Taman Jaya. Pak Komar, the owner of Sunda Guesthouse can arrange it for you depending on how long you explore the jungle. Jungle trekking starts from Taman Jaya and ends at Peucang Island (crossing by boat from mainland to Peucang Island). The price includes the guide and food.
There is not much choice here. There is one restaurant belonging to the park at Peucang Island. The group tours usually bring their own cook.
Ujung Kulon is still considered as an endemic malarial area. Consuming malaria pills before and while exploring the park is advisable; consult your doctor at least a couple of weeks before your trip for more specific advice.
Leeches are very rare, but mosquitoes are abundant. Mosquito repellent is a must to avoid mosquitoes and also to avoid biting Banteng flies, which suck blood painfully.
It has been reported that there have been some muggings in remote areas of the park. Make sure that you are accompanied by a jagawana (forest guard) before exploring deep into the jungle. Use only a boat with at least three engines to sail in open ocean because of the high waves and hard current, and do not visit the park in the very windy west monsoon season (December to February), because some trails are under water and impassible.
- Panimbang - about 30 km north of Ujung Kulon, a district with several luxurious beach resorts.